http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/lychee.html
anti-HBsAg capability in herbs- about a fifth of the abstracts from the above link.
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH FOR HEPATITIS VIRUSES
Journal of Organic Chemistry (March 2002) 67:1536
Mass spectrometry and HMQC NMR studies using (13)C-labeled 5b show that inactivation of the enzyme occurs by nucleophilic attack of the cysteine thiol (Cys-172) at the beta-position of the oxetanone ring. Although the N-Cbz-serine beta lactones 5a and 5b display potent inhibition, other related analogues with an N-Cbz side chain....fail to give significant inhibition of HAV 3C proteinase, thus demonstrating the importance of the beta-lactone ring for binding.'
'A recent pilot study has demonstrated that T. belangeri can be infected with HCV in vivo [Virology(1998)244:513]. In this study, we demonstrated that primary Tupaia hepatocytes represent a novel cell culture model for the study of HCV infection that allows for the functional assessment of HCV receptor candidate CD81....Our data suggests that HCV may use an additional receptor or receptors for viral attachment.'
'Furthermore, E2 protein expressed in insect cells in the presence of N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, an inhibitor of terminal glucose residue processing, formed complexes with E1 and bound to CD81-EC2 similarly to untreated protein. Together these data suggest that although hyperglucosylation of E2 does not have a major effect on bioactivity, polyprotein processing to reveal the free amino terminus is required.'
'More recently it has been suggested that the replication cycle of a plant virus, cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), includes a reverse transcription step.'
h5>N-Glycosylation of Recombinant Pharmacological Glycoproteins Produced in Transgenic Plants: Towards a Humanization of Plant N-Glycans
'Most therapeutic proteins are glycoproteins and N-glycosylation is often essential for their stability, folding, and biological activity. Recombinant glycoproteins of mammalian origin expressed in transgenic plants largely retain their biological activity. However, plants are not ideal for production of pharmacological proteins because they produce molecules with glycans that are not compatible with therapeutic applications in humans.'
'1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNM) is a saccharide decoy that inhibits cellular alpha-glucosidase I-II activity....These results are consistent with the inhibition by DNM of virus entry at the Env/coreceptor interaction step. Finally, preliminary data indicate that suboptimal concentrations of DNM and natural or synthetic CXCR4 ligands used in combination potently inhibit the envelope-mediated membrane fusion process. Altogether, our results suggest that DNM and its analogues deserve further investigation as anti-HIV agents in combination with experimental compounds targeting CXCR4 to inhibit each partner of this crucial step of HIV entry.'
'We prepared two kinds of sulfated silk fibroins, SclFib30 and SclFib31, which contain different amounts of sulfate. These sulfated silk fibroins have anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro, apparently due to interference with the absorption of virus particles to CD4+ cells, and completely blocked virus binding to the cells at a concentration of 100 microg/ml. Sulfated fibroins also abolished cell-to-cell infection-induced synctium formation upon cocultivation of MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/HIV-III cells, suggesting that they would interfere with gp120 and prevent the formation of gp120/CD4 complex. Silk is used in biomaterials such as surgical sutures and is believed to be a safe material for humans. In accordance with low anticoagulant activity and high anti-HIV-1 activity against both X4 HIV-1 and R5 HIV-1 strains, sulfated silk fibroins have potential as antiviral material such for a vaginal anti-HIV-1 formulation.'
'These products, consisting of two polypeptides with molecular weights of approximately 25,000 (p25) and glycosylated P25 (GP25) were purified as assembled 22-nm particles. We demonstrated that HBsAG from silkworms consists of S protein with 7 amino acids of Pre-S2.'
Zhongguo Xhong Yao Za Zhi (1998) 23:363
'Eleven compounds have been isolated. Two of them are new compounds, methyl ester dehydrochebulic acid and methyl brevifolin carboxylate. Antiviral experiments on HBsAG in vitro and liver damage caused by CCL4 have shown that Phyllanthus urinaria possesses antiviral activities against HBV.'
Mass spectrometry and HMQC NMR studies using (13)C-labeled 5b show that inactivation of the enzyme occurs by nucleophilic attack of the cysteine thiol (Cys-172) at the beta-position of the oxetanone ring. Although the N-Cbz-serine beta lactones 5a and 5b display potent inhibition, other related analogues with an N-Cbz side chain....fail to give significant inhibition of HAV 3C proteinase, thus demonstrating the importance of the beta-lactone ring for binding.'
HBV gene expression is mainly regulated at the transcription initiation level. The viral X protein (pX) is a transcriptional coactivator/mediator targeting TFIIB for the recruitment of RNA Polymerase II. Here we report a novel pX nuclear target designated XAP-8 (pX associated protein 8). XAP-8 is a novel cellular nuclear protein containing a PHD (Plant Homology Domain) finger, a domain shared by many proteins that play roles in chromatin remodeling, transcription coactivation and oncogenesis. pX physically interacts with XAP-8 in vitro and in vivo via the XAP-8 region containing the PHD finger. At the functional level XAP-8 increases HBV transcription in a pX dependent manner, suggesting a role for this interaction in the virus life cycle. Interestingly, XAP-8 collaborates with pX in coactivating the transcriptional activator NF-kappaB. Coactivation of NF-kappaB was also observed in TNF-alpha-treated cells suggesting that pX-XAP-8 functional collaboration localized downstream to the NF-kappaB nuclear import. Collectively our data suggest that pX recruits and potentiates a novel putative transcription coactivator to regulate NF-kappaB. The implication of pX-XAP-8 interaction in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed.'
h5>Lack of Susceptibility of Chacma Baboons(Papio ursinus orientalis) to Hepatitis C Virus Infection
'The main reason to ascertain whether baboons are susceptible to infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the need to replace chimpanzees, which are endangered, as an animal model for undertaking research into the biology and host-virus interactions of HCV, and for developing a vaccine against this virus. A second reason is that baboons are a possible source of xenografts for human liver transplantation. We innoculated serum containing HCV into four Chacma baboons and monitored them for 52 weeks for evidence of infection. Serum was tested for antibody to HCV, HCV RNA, and aminotransferase concentrations at 2-week intervals for 26 weeks and thereafter at 4 week intervals. Liver tissue was examined at 28 and 52 weeks for histopathological changes and viral RNA, and at 52 weeks for viral particles using electron microscopy. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect HCV RNA, and the results were confirmed by Southern hybridization. Serum aminotransferase concentrations remained within the normal range and liver histology was normal during the follow-up period. Passive transmission of anti-HCV to the baboons was observed during the first 4 weeks. HCV RNA was not detectable in any serum or liver sample and electron microscopy failed to reveal viral particles in liver tissue. In conclusion, we cannot deny that in an immunosuppressed liver transplant recipient, infection of a baboon xenograft might occur. Another animal model for HCV infection must be sought.'
'A recent pilot study has demonstrated that T. belangeri can be infected with HCV in vivo [Virology(1998)244:513]. In this study, we demonstrated that primary Tupaia hepatocytes represent a novel cell culture model for the study of HCV infection that allows for the functional assessment of HCV receptor candidate CD81....Our data suggests that HCV may use an additional receptor or receptors for viral attachment.'
'The effect of the co-overexpression of each
chaperone on the folding of HCV glycoproteins was also analyzed. However, the
levels of native E1-E2 complexes were not increased.
Together, our data suggest
that calnexin plays a role in the productive folding of HCV glycoproteins
whereas calreticulin and BiP are probably involved in a nonproductive pathway of
folding.'
'Furthermore, E2 protein expressed in insect cells in the presence of N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, an inhibitor of terminal glucose residue processing, formed complexes with E1 and bound to CD81-EC2 similarly to untreated protein. Together these data suggest that although hyperglucosylation of E2 does not have a major effect on bioactivity, polyprotein processing to reveal the free amino terminus is required.'
'We report here that HCV shares an even greater degree of protein sequence similarity with members of the pestivirus group (i.e., bovine viral diarrhea virus and hog cholera virus), which are thought to be distantly related to the flaviviruses. In addition, we find that HCV shares significant protein sequence similarity with the polyproteins encoded by members of the picornavirus-like plant virus supergroups. These data suggest that HCV may be evolutionarily related to both plant and animal viruses.'
'More recently it has been suggested that the replication cycle of a plant virus, cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), includes a reverse transcription step.'
Analysis of Genetic Information of an Insect Picorna-Like Virus, Infectious Flacherie Virus of Silkworms: Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships Among Insect, Mammalian and Plant Picorna-Like Viruses
'Computer analysis identified the sequences similar to the concensus sequences of 2C (helicase?), 3C (protease), and 3D (RNA polymerase) conserved among mammalian and plant picorna-like viruses...Further analysis of the characteristics of the genome structure and a tentative phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of the amino acid sequence emphasized the evolutionary relationships among the insect and plant viruses.'
'Most therapeutic proteins are glycoproteins and N-glycosylation is often essential for their stability, folding, and biological activity. Recombinant glycoproteins of mammalian origin expressed in transgenic plants largely retain their biological activity. However, plants are not ideal for production of pharmacological proteins because they produce molecules with glycans that are not compatible with therapeutic applications in humans.'
'These N-containing sugars are 1-deoxynojirimycin(1), N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin(2), fagomine(3), 3-epi-fagomine(4), 1,4,-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol(5)....'
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. (Aug. 2000)64:1664
'We prepared two kinds of sulfated silk fibroins, SclFib30 and SclFib31, which contain different amounts of sulfate. These sulfated silk fibroins have anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro, apparently due to interference with the absorption of virus particles to CD4+ cells, and completely blocked virus binding to the cells at a concentration of 100 microg/ml. Sulfated fibroins also abolished cell-to-cell infection-induced synctium formation upon cocultivation of MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/HIV-III cells, suggesting that they would interfere with gp120 and prevent the formation of gp120/CD4 complex. Silk is used in biomaterials such as surgical sutures and is believed to be a safe material for humans. In accordance with low anticoagulant activity and high anti-HIV-1 activity against both X4 HIV-1 and R5 HIV-1 strains, sulfated silk fibroins have potential as antiviral material such for a vaginal anti-HIV-1 formulation.'
'These products, consisting of two polypeptides with molecular weights of approximately 25,000 (p25) and glycosylated P25 (GP25) were purified as assembled 22-nm particles. We demonstrated that HBsAG from silkworms consists of S protein with 7 amino acids of Pre-S2.'
'The addition of silkworm hemolymph into culture medium either before or during the baculovirus infection increased the host cell longevity; however its addition after the infection was less effective.'
'The inhibitory rates of of rhIFN-alpha 1 (Chinese silkworm gene recombinant interferon alpha 1) to pulmonary-indice were 14.8%-37.4%. Conclusion: rhIFN-alpha-1 inhibited the proliferation of influenza virus and improved the symptom of mouse pneumonia caused by influenza virus.'
'Eleven compounds have been isolated. Two of them are new compounds, methyl ester dehydrochebulic acid and methyl brevifolin carboxylate. Antiviral experiments on HBsAG in vitro and liver damage caused by CCL4 have shown that Phyllanthus urinaria possesses antiviral activities against HBV.'
Tetrahedron (1999) 55:5781
'Phyllanthurinolactone(1) and phyllurine(2), were isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria as bioactive substances for nyctinasty....The concentration of (1) increased before leaf closure in the plant body, whereas that of (2) was constant through a day. Thus, the leaf-movement of Phyllanthus urinaria is proposed to be controlled by the change in the balance of concentration between (1) and (2) which is regulated by a beta-glucosidase, similar to the case of Lespedeza cuneata G. Don.
Most Legumonisae plants close their leaves in the evening, as if to sleep, and open them in the morning. This is called nyctinastic movement, and is known to be controlled by a biorhythm of the plant regulated by its biological clock. The discovery of a biological clock was based on the observation of nyctinastic movement in Mimosa pudica L. In the 18th century, a French scientist discovered that rhythm involved in nyctinastic leaf-movement was maintained even under continuous darkness in a cave.
And we shall advance the universal mechanism of the control of nyctinasty, which can explain all nyctinastic movement by only one key-word, that is, the control of the beta-glucosidase activity by a biological clock.'
'The plant growth hormone auxin has an important role in a variety of plant growth and developmental processes. Identification of transcriptional factors, some with defined genetic function, have shed new light on the mechanisms of auxin-regulated gene expression. In addition, the molecular characterization of genes required for auxin response indicates that regulated protein degredation by the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway has an important function in auxin action.'
J. Virology (April 2002)76:3570
'Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication is inhibited in a noncytopathic manner by alph/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) and IFN-gamma. We demonstrate here that inhibitors of cellular proteosome activity can block this antiviral effect. These results suggest that a critical component of the IFN-induced antiviral response may be the proteosome-dependent degredation of viral or cellular proteins that are required for HBV replication.'
Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi (Sept. 1990)10:560
'With the aid of the ELISA system this schema represented a laboratory approach to the recognition of anti-HBsAG capability of herbs by using 300 herbal extracts.
Altogether 10 herbs were identified as effective....The ten effective herbs were listed in the following order:
"In addition, recommendations were revised or clarified for the use of hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative mothers"
HBsAg/ http://www.immunize.org/genr.d/issue46.htm
immunization advice: http://www.nature.com/nbt/
cache of article on potato and tobacco,soya,cauliflower and antigens for inexpensive oral immunosuppressant for Hep B
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nbt/journal/v18/n11/full/nbt1100_1167.html.
Join for free for journals reports, if the cache address will not open.
G.M. PADMA RAO, K.K. SRINIVASAN AND ABDUL SALAM Dept. of Pharmacology. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal.
Andrographis paniculata is one of the constituents of ‘Hepatogard’ : http://www.ijp-online.com/archives/1997/029/01/r0024-0064cp.pdf
Affinity: Bhuinimb or Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.)
Contributor: Pankaj Oudhia Copyright (c) 2002. All Rights Reserved.
Quotation from this document should cite and acknowledge the contributor.
http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/lychee.html
Anthocyanin pigments in the skin of lychee fruit A-type proanthocyanidines ethylene production from low-temperature storage phenols Besra, S. E., R. M. Sharma, et al. (1996).
Antiinflammatory effect of petroleum ether extract of leaves of Litchi chinensis Gaertn. (Sapindaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 54(1): 1-6. {a} New Drug Dev. Div., Indian Inst. Chemical Biol., 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Calcutta 700032, India
Correlation of pulp nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and peel calcium Cyclopropanoic fatty acids of litchi (Litchi chinensis) seed oil Uppal, T. B. (1985).
Use of Litchi chinensis lectins (agglutinins) in diagnostic microbiology. Jpma 35(4): 110-111.
http://www.newcrops.uq.edu.au/listing/litchichinensis.htm
TO: HDsAg.html (Additional Notes)
Back to: L. chinensis Properties Page
TO: Companion Article on Litchi Fruit
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